WHOA. I can’t believe I’ve never noticed this! This is huge! You’re absolutely right that there should be at least acknowledgement that Jesus as Messiah/Son of God/Son of Man (a title I don’t think Paul ever uses, incidentally!) might cause a stumbling block for deeply devout Jews, as clearly the issue of circumcision did!

My main thought would be that the early Christians did not in fact worship Jesus as God, but that he was seen as Messiah or “lord,” not on equal footing with YHVH.

I would also point to Romans 9-10 as Paul potentially addressing some of this.